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An articulation disorder is characterized by difficulty producing sounds for speech including errors of substitution, omission, addition or distortion.

A phonological disorder is characterized by predictable, rule based errors (e.g., fronting, stopping and final consonant deletion) that affect more than one sound.

Receptive language disorder is characterized by struggles to understand and process messages and information that an individual hears from others. Difficulties include following directions, answering questions and attending to conversation.

Expressive language disorder occurs when an individual has difficulty conveying meaning or messages to others. It may include difficulties with word order, vocabulary, grammar, thought organization and narrative skills.

Apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder that occurs when an individual has difficulty coordinating and sequencing oral movements when speaking. Struggle and frustration may occur when producing single sounds, words, phrases and senetences.

Pre-literacy skills include vocabulary, print motivation, print awareness, narrative skills, letter knowledge and phonological awareness. A print rich environment ignites an interest in writing and fosters reading skills. Children with speech and/or language disorders are more likely to be behind in pre-literacy skills.

Difficulties with fluency (also known as stuttering) are characterized by repetition of sounds, syllables or words, prolongations of sounds and/or interruptions of speech known as blocks. 

A voice disorder occurs when vocal quality, pitch or loudness interferes with an individual's ability to speak clearly. This condition is often caused by vocal nodules, vocal abuse or as the result of a medical/surgical procedure. 

Aphasia is a neurological disorder caused by damage to the brain. A person with aphasia may have deficits with receptive and expressive language, speech, reading and writing. 

A cognitive communication disorder disrupts a person's ability to communicate in the areas of cognition including attention, memory, thought organization, problem solving, reasoning and executive functions.

A TBI, or traumatic brain injury, is the result of brain damage that affects speech, language, attention, thinking, problem solving, reasoning/judgment, reading/writing, memory and/or swallowing.